PBase

Gondi, Koya

Rule

k ~ x / X__X

k

+voiceless

-voiced

-voice

-voiced (vs. unvoiced)

ocoronal (any)

-voice

-coronal (any)

-voice

-coronal (any)

-voice

-anterior (any)

-anterior (C)

-anterior

+high

nlateral

.distributed

-coronal

-alveolar

-anterior

+high

nlateral

.distributed

-coronal

+compact

-diffuse

0distributed (any)

nlingual (V)

ndorsal (V)

nanterior (V)

ndistributed (V)

0anterior (any)

-coronal (V)

-front

-distributed (any)

-lingual (V)

-V-place

+back

-distributed (V)

+back

ndistributed (any)

nanterior (V)

+grave (vs. acute)

ndistributed (V)

nanterior (any)

nlabial (V)

ncoronal (V)

npharyngeal (V)

-nonlow_front_V

+stop

-sonorant

+voiceless_stop

+obs_stop

nanterior (C)

ndistributed (C)

-coronal (C)

nanterior (C)

ndistributed (C)

ocoronal (C)

xdorsal (any)

xdorsal (C)

+dorsal (any)

+velar

+dorsal (any)

+dorsal (C)

-heightened_subglottal_pressure

-continuant

-trill

-continuant

-tense_V

-ATR

olabial (C)

xlingual (C)

xlingual (any)

-labial (any)

-labial (C)

+lingual (C)

+lingual (any)

-labial

-labial (any)

-labial (C)

+lingual (C)

+lingual (any)

olabial (any)

-bilabial

-unrounded

-strident (vs. mellow)

opharyngeal (C)

-voiced_C

-voiced_obs

.tense

.tense (vs. lax)

-higher-mid

-nonhigh_tense_V

-nonhigh_V

ovocalic

-low

+consonantal

oV-place

-low

+consonantal

ovocalic

+consonantal (vs. non-consonantal)

-dorsal (V)

-ATR_high_V

-high

-high_V

-LONG

-lax_V

-back_V

-central

-low

-long

nATR

nV-place

-vocoid

.open6

-approximant

.open5

.open4

.open1

.open3

.open2

-vocalic

-vocoid

.open6

-approximant

.open5

.open4

.open1

.open3

.open2

opharyngeal (V)

nATR

olingual (V)

-vocoid

.open6

-approximant

.open5

.open4

.open1

.open3

.open2

-nasal_stop

-nasal

-nasal (vs. oral)

-labial (V)

+k

-continuant

-fricative

-continuant

-delayed_primary_release

-continuant

+interrupted (vs. continuant)

-rounded

-round_V

-back

-round

-flat (vs. plain)

-short_V

-labiodental

-strident

-liquid

-vocalic

-vocalic (vs. non-vocalic)

-V

-approximant

olabial (V)

ocoronal (V)

odorsal (V)

-vocalic_glide

+consonant

-vowel

ncovered

-syllabic

nATR

-syllabic

-SYLLABIC

-dental

-distributed (C)

-lateral

-lateral-approximant

-lateral

-glottal_(tertiary)_closure

nmovement_of_glottal_closure

-constr

-constricted

-postalveolar

-affricate

-palatal

-checked (vs. unchecked)

-retroflex

-ejective

+back,nmovement_of_glottal_closure,-voice

+back,.tense,-voice

+back,-glottal_(tertiary)_closure,-voice

+back,.tense,-voice

+back,-constr,-voice

+grave (vs. acute),-checked (vs. unchecked),-voiced (vs. unvoiced),-diffuse

+compact,+grave (vs. acute),-checked (vs. unchecked),-voiced (vs. unvoiced)

-constricted,xdorsal (C),-voice

xdorsal (any),-constricted,-voice

-constricted,+dorsal (C),-voice

+dorsal (any),-constricted,-voice

-constricted,+dorsal (C),-voice

+dorsal (any),-constricted,-voice

.distributed,-glottal_(tertiary)_closure,-voice

.distributed,nmovement_of_glottal_closure,-voice

.distributed,.tense,-voice

.distributed,-constr,-voice

x

+voiceless

+fricative

-voiced

-voice

-voiced (vs. unvoiced)

ocoronal (any)

-voice

-coronal (any)

-voice

-coronal (any)

-voice

-anterior (any)

-anterior (C)

-anterior

+high

nlateral

.distributed

-coronal

-alveolar

-anterior

+high

nlateral

.distributed

-coronal

+compact

-diffuse

0distributed (any)

nlingual (V)

ndorsal (V)

nanterior (V)

ndistributed (V)

0anterior (any)

-coronal (V)

-front

-distributed (any)

-lingual (V)

-V-place

+back

-distributed (V)

+back

ndistributed (any)

nanterior (V)

+grave (vs. acute)

ndistributed (V)

nanterior (any)

nlabial (V)

ncoronal (V)

npharyngeal (V)

-nonlow_front_V

-sonorant

nanterior (C)

ndistributed (C)

-coronal (C)

nanterior (C)

ndistributed (C)

ocoronal (C)

xdorsal (any)

xdorsal (C)

+dorsal (any)

+velar

+dorsal (any)

+dorsal (C)

-heightened_subglottal_pressure

-trill

-tense_V

-ATR

-stop

-voiceless_stop

-obs_stop

olabial (C)

+continuant

xlingual (C)

xlingual (any)

-labial (any)

-interrupted (vs. continuant)

-labial (C)

+continuant

+lingual (C)

+continuant

+lingual (any)

ndelayed_primary_release

-labial

-labial (any)

+continuant

-labial (C)

+continuant

+lingual (C)

+lingual (any)

olabial (any)

-bilabial

-unrounded

-spread

-pharyngeal (C)

-uvular

-pharyngeal (any)

-pharyngeal (C)

opharyngeal (any)

-strident (vs. mellow)

opharyngeal (C)

-pharyngeal (any)

-voiced_C

-voiced_obs

-spread

+plain

.tense

-aspirated

-spread

.tense (vs. lax)

-spread

-higher-mid

-nonhigh_tense_V

-nonhigh_V

-glottal

ovocalic

+C-place

-glottal

-low

+consonantal

xC-place

oV-place

-low

+consonantal

ovocalic

+consonantal (vs. non-consonantal)

xC-place

-dorsal (V)

-ATR_high_V

-high

-high_V

-LONG

-lax_V

-back_V

-central

-low

-long

-k

nATR

nV-place

-vocoid

.open6

-approximant

.open5

.open4

.open1

.open3

.open2

-vocalic

-vocoid

.open6

-approximant

.open5

.open4

.open1

.open3

.open2

opharyngeal (V)

nATR

olingual (V)

-vocoid

.open6

-approximant

.open5

.open4

.open1

.open3

.open2

-nasal_stop

-nasal

-nasal (vs. oral)

-labiovelar

-labial (V)

-rounded

-round_V

-back

-round

-flat (vs. plain)

-short_V

-labiodental

-strident

-lower-mid

-liquid

-vocalic

-vocalic (vs. non-vocalic)

-labialized

-V

-approximant

olabial (V)

ocoronal (V)

odorsal (V)

-vocalic_glide

+consonant

-vowel

ncovered

-syllabic

nATR

-syllabic

-SYLLABIC

-pharyngeal (V)

-dental

-sharp (vs. plain)

-distributed (C)

-lateral

-lateral-approximant

-lateral

-glottal_(tertiary)_closure

nmovement_of_glottal_closure

-constr

-constricted

-higher-low

-pharyngealized

-postalveolar

-interdental

-pharyngeal

-laminal-alveolar

-affricate

-palatal

-implosive

-flap

-mid

-alveolopalatal

-nasalized

-syllabic

-placeless

-lower-high

-checked (vs. unchecked)

-interrupted

-anterior (V)

-retroflex

-palatalized

-low-to-glide

-unrounded-to-palatal

-advanced-alveolar

-glottalized

-ejective

-raised-high

-lax

-trilled

-prenasalized

-laminal-alveolar-to-alveolopalatal

-ATR

-unrounded-to-front

-rounded-to-central

-rounded-to-back

-unrounded-to-central

-higher-mid-to-mid

-mid-to-high

-low-to-high

-lower-mid-to-high

-rounded-to-unrounded

-raised-low

-alveolar-to-alveolopalatal

-raised-higher-mid

-labiopalatal

-labiopalatalized

-high-to-glide

-rounded-to-labiovelar

-postnasalized

-unrounded-to-back

-glide-to-higher-mid

-glide-to-high

-lower-high-to-lower-mid

-breathy

-high-to-higher-mid

-velarized

-higher-mid-to-glide

-rounded-to-palatal

-lenis

-alveolar-to-palatal

-preglottalized

-velar-prenasalized

-labial-prenasalized

-apical

-dental-to-palatal

-higher-mid-to-high

-rounded-to-front

-palatal-to-alveolopalatal

-dental-to-velar

-velar-to-labiodental

-voiced-to-voiceless

-strident

-click

-implosive-affricate

ndelayed_release_of_secondary_closure

-low-to-lower-high

-higher-mid-to-lower-high

-palatal-to-front

-stop-to-implosive

-lower-high-to-high

-glide

-laminal-postalveolar

-lowered-higher-mid

-tense

-muffled

-lowered-high

-alveolar-to-dental

-bilabial-to-alveolar

-bilabial-to-velar

-lateral-approximant-to-fricative

-dental-to-postalveolar

-advanced-lateral

-palatal-to-dental

-lowered-low

-laminal-alveolar-to-laminal-postalveolar

-voiceless-to-voiced

-dental-to-labiodental

-lowered-lower-mid

-lowered-higher-low

-raised-mid

-palatal-to-postalveolar

-voiceless-prenasalized

-raised-lower-mid

-high-to-mid

-high-to-lower-mid

-stop-to-affricate

-bilabial-to-postalveolar

-bilabial-to-lateral

-palatoalveolar

-affricative

-extra-long

-EXTRA

-retracted

-devoiced

-rhotic

-nasal-spirant

-alveolar-prenasalized

-extra-short

-advanced-central

-glide-to-low

-fricative-to-affricate

-affricate-to-fricative

-trill-to-affricate

-fricative-to-stop

-palatal-to-velar

-postalveolar-to-velar

-alveolar-to-velar

-affricate-to-stop

-alveolar-to-interdental

-high-to-low

-labiodental-to-postalveolar

-alveolar-to-bilabial

-accompaniment

-z-accompaniment

-Z-accompaniment

-r-accompaniment

-d-accompaniment

-l-accompaniment

-advanced-front

-creaky

-mid-to-higher-mid

-pulmonic-ingressive

-heavy

-lower-mid-to-glide

-mid-approximant

-S-accompaniment

-t-accompaniment

-s-accompaniment

-alveolar-to-retroflex

+fricative

-stop

-voiceless_stop

-obs_stop

+continuant

-interrupted (vs. continuant)

+continuant

ndelayed_primary_release

+continuant

-k

-1

a,e,i,iː,uː,o,aː,u,eː,oː

-voiced

-anterior (any)

-anterior (C)

-anterior

nlateral

-coronal

-alveolar

-anterior

nlateral

-coronal

nanterior (C)

ndistributed (C)

-coronal (C)

-lingual (C)

-coronal (C)

nanterior (C)

ndistributed (C)

-lingual (C)

-heightened_subglottal_pressure

+approximant

-trill

-stop

-voiceless_stop

-obs_stop

+continuant

-interrupted (vs. continuant)

-labial (C)

+continuant

ndelayed_primary_release

+continuant

-labial (C)

+continuant

-bilabial

+voice

-voiceless

+voiced (vs. unvoiced)

+voice

-strident (vs. mellow)

-voiced_C

-voiced_obs

-dorsal (C)

+sonorant

-k

.open6

.open5

.open4

.open1

.open3

.open2

.open6

.open5

.open4

.open1

.open3

.open2

.open6

.open5

.open4

.open1

.open3

.open2

-nasal_stop

-nasal

+approximant

-nasal

+vocalic

-nasal

+vocalic

-nasal

-nasal (vs. oral)

+approximant

+vocalic (vs. non-vocalic)

-consonantal

-velar

-consonantal

-dorsal (C)

-consonantal (vs. non-consonantal)

npharyngeal (C)

ncoronal (C)

nlabial (C)

+vocoid

+vocalic

+vocoid

-pharyngeal (V)

+vocoid

-fricative

ndorsal (C)

xvocalic

xV-place

xvocalic

-labiodental

-strident

nlingual (C)

-strident

-liquid

-approximant

-vocalic_glide

-dental

-distributed (C)

-lateral

-lateral-approximant

-lateral

-glottal_(tertiary)_closure

nmovement_of_glottal_closure

-constr

-constricted

-consonant

+SYLLABIC

+vowel

ndistributed

-covered

+syllabic

+SYLLABIC

ndistributed

+syllabic

+SYLLABIC

+V

-postalveolar

-affricate

-palatal

-checked (vs. unchecked)

-retroflex

-ejective

-consonantal (vs. non-consonantal),+vocalic (vs. non-vocalic)

0

k

1

a,e,i,iː,uː,o,aː,u,eː,oː

-voiced

-anterior (any)

-anterior (C)

-anterior

nlateral

-coronal

-alveolar

-anterior

nlateral

-coronal

nanterior (C)

ndistributed (C)

-coronal (C)

-lingual (C)

-coronal (C)

nanterior (C)

ndistributed (C)

-lingual (C)

-heightened_subglottal_pressure

+approximant

-trill

-stop

-voiceless_stop

-obs_stop

+continuant

-interrupted (vs. continuant)

-labial (C)

+continuant

ndelayed_primary_release

+continuant

-labial (C)

+continuant

-bilabial

+voice

-voiceless

+voiced (vs. unvoiced)

+voice

-strident (vs. mellow)

-voiced_C

-voiced_obs

-dorsal (C)

+sonorant

-k

.open6

.open5

.open4

.open1

.open3

.open2

.open6

.open5

.open4

.open1

.open3

.open2

.open6

.open5

.open4

.open1

.open3

.open2

-nasal_stop

-nasal

+approximant

-nasal

+vocalic

-nasal

+vocalic

-nasal

-nasal (vs. oral)

+approximant

+vocalic (vs. non-vocalic)

-consonantal

-velar

-consonantal

-dorsal (C)

-consonantal (vs. non-consonantal)

npharyngeal (C)

ncoronal (C)

nlabial (C)

+vocoid

+vocalic

+vocoid

-pharyngeal (V)

+vocoid

-fricative

ndorsal (C)

xvocalic

xV-place

xvocalic

-labiodental

-strident

nlingual (C)

-strident

-liquid

-approximant

-vocalic_glide

-dental

-distributed (C)

-lateral

-lateral-approximant

-lateral

-glottal_(tertiary)_closure

nmovement_of_glottal_closure

-constr

-constricted

-consonant

+SYLLABIC

+vowel

ndistributed

-covered

+syllabic

+SYLLABIC

ndistributed

+syllabic

+SYLLABIC

+V

-postalveolar

-affricate

-palatal

-checked (vs. unchecked)

-retroflex

-ejective

-consonantal (vs. non-consonantal),+vocalic (vs. non-vocalic)

Subrahmanyam, P. S. (1968) A Descriptive Grammar of Gondi. Annamalainagar: Annamalai University.

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