PBase Pattern Viewer

Language
Wolof
Type
Rule
Pattern Description
N assimilates in place __+X
Input - Output
n,ɲ,ŋ
nlingual (V)
ndorsal (V)
nanterior (V)
ndistributed (V)
-coronal (V)
-front
-lingual (V)
-V-place
-distributed (V)
nanterior (V)
ndistributed (V)
nlabial (V)
ncoronal (V)
npharyngeal (V)
-nonlow_front_V
+nasal
+nasal
+nasal
+nasal (vs. oral)
+nasal
+nasal
-heightened_subglottal_pressure
-continuant
-trill
-continuant
-tense_V
-ATR
-tense
-tense
-stop
-voiceless_stop
-obs_stop
olabial (C)
xlingual (C)
xlingual (any)
-labial (any)
-labial (C)
+lingual (C)
+lingual (any)
-labial
-labial (any)
-labial (C)
+lingual (C)
+lingual (any)
olabial (any)
-bilabial
+nasal
+nasal_stop
+voiced_C
-unrounded
+voice
+voice
+voice
-voiceless
+voiced (vs. unvoiced)
+voiced
+voice
+voice
-pharyngeal (C)
-uvular
-pharyngeal (any)
-pharyngeal (C)
opharyngeal (any)
-strident (vs. mellow)
opharyngeal (C)
-pharyngeal (any)
-voiced_obs
.tense (vs. lax)
-higher-mid
-nonhigh_tense_V
-nonhigh_V
ovocalic
-low
+consonantal
oV-place
-low
+consonantal
ovocalic
+consonantal (vs. non-consonantal)
+sonorant
+sonorant
+sonorant
+sonorant
+sonorant
-dorsal (V)
-ATR_high_V
-high
-high_V
-LONG
-LONG
-LONG
-LONG
-LONG
-LONG
-lax_V
-back_V
-central
-low
-long
-k
nATR
nV-place
-vocoid
.open6
-approximant
.open5
.open4
.open1
.open3
.open2
-vocalic
-vocoid
.open6
-approximant
.open5
.open4
.open1
.open3
.open2
opharyngeal (V)
nATR
olingual (V)
-vocoid
.open6
-approximant
.open5
.open4
.open1
.open3
.open2
-labiovelar
-labial (V)
-continuant
-fricative
-continuant
-delayed_primary_release
-continuant
+interrupted (vs. continuant)
-rounded
-round_V
-back
-round
-round
-flat (vs. plain)
-short_V
-labiodental
-strident
-strident
-strident
-strident
-strident
-lower-mid
-liquid
-vocalic
-vocalic
-vocalic (vs. non-vocalic)
-V
-approximant
olabial (V)
ocoronal (V)
odorsal (V)
-vocalic_glide
+consonant
-vowel
ncovered
-syllabic
nATR
-syllabic
-SYLLABIC
-SYLLABIC
-SYLLABIC
-lateral
-lateral
-lateral
-lateral-approximant
-lateral
-mid
-bilabial,+nasal
-labial,+nasal
+nasal,xlingual (C)
+nasal,xlingual (any)
olabial (C),+nasal
olabial (any),+nasal
-labial (C),+nasal
-labial (any),+nasal
+nasal,+lingual (C)
+nasal,+lingual (any)
+nasal,+lingual (any)
-labial (C),+nasal
-labial (any),+nasal
+nasal,+lingual (C)
m
olingual (any)
ocoronal (any)
-lingual (any)
-coronal (any)
-lingual (any)
-coronal (any)
-anterior (any)
-anterior (C)
nlateral
-coronal
-alveolar
nlateral
-coronal
0distributed (any)
nlingual (V)
ndorsal (V)
nanterior (V)
ndistributed (V)
0anterior (any)
-coronal (V)
-front
-distributed (any)
-lingual (V)
-V-place
-distributed (V)
ndistributed (any)
nanterior (V)
+grave (vs. acute)
ndistributed (V)
nanterior (any)
nlabial (V)
ncoronal (V)
npharyngeal (V)
-nonlow_front_V
nanterior (C)
ndistributed (C)
xlabial (C)
olingual (C)
-coronal (C)
+labial (any)
+labial (C)
+distributed
-lingual (C)
-coronal (C)
+labial
+labial (any)
+distributed
nanterior (C)
ndistributed (C)
+labial (C)
-lingual (C)
ocoronal (C)
xlabial (any)
+bilabial
+nasal
+nasal
+nasal
+nasal (vs. oral)
+nasal
+nasal
-heightened_subglottal_pressure
-continuant
-trill
-continuant
-tense_V
-ATR
-tense
-tense
-stop
-voiceless_stop
-obs_stop
+nasal
+nasal_stop
+voiced_C
-unrounded
+voice
+voice
+voice
-voiceless
+voiced (vs. unvoiced)
+voiced
+voice
+voice
-pharyngeal (C)
-uvular
-pharyngeal (any)
-pharyngeal (C)
opharyngeal (any)
-strident (vs. mellow)
opharyngeal (C)
-pharyngeal (any)
-voiced_obs
.tense (vs. lax)
-higher-mid
-nonhigh_tense_V
-nonhigh_V
+diffuse
ovocalic
-low
-compact
+consonantal
+anterior
+anterior
oV-place
-low
+consonantal
-dorsal (C)
ovocalic
+consonantal (vs. non-consonantal)
+sonorant
+sonorant
+sonorant
+sonorant
+sonorant
odorsal (any)
-dorsal (any)
-dorsal (V)
-dorsal (any)
-ATR_high_V
-high
-high
-high
-high_V
-LONG
-LONG
-LONG
-LONG
-LONG
-LONG
-lax_V
-back_V
-central
-back
-back
-low
-long
-k
nATR
nV-place
odorsal (C)
-vocoid
.open6
-approximant
.open5
.open4
.open1
.open3
.open2
-vocalic
-vocoid
.open6
-approximant
.open5
.open4
.open1
.open3
.open2
opharyngeal (V)
nATR
olingual (V)
-vocoid
.open6
-approximant
.open5
.open4
.open1
.open3
.open2
-labiovelar
-labial (V)
-velar
-dorsal (C)
-continuant
-fricative
-continuant
-delayed_primary_release
-continuant
+interrupted (vs. continuant)
-rounded
-round_V
-back
-round
-round
-flat (vs. plain)
-short_V
-labiodental
-strident
-strident
-strident
-strident
-strident
-lower-mid
-liquid
-vocalic
-vocalic
-vocalic (vs. non-vocalic)
-V
-approximant
olabial (V)
ocoronal (V)
odorsal (V)
-vocalic_glide
+consonant
-vowel
ncovered
-syllabic
nATR
-syllabic
-SYLLABIC
-SYLLABIC
-SYLLABIC
-distributed (C)
-lateral
-lateral
-lateral
-lateral-approximant
-lateral
-palatal
-mid
-stop,+bilabial
+bilabial,+nasal
+labial,+nasal
+grave (vs. acute),+nasal (vs. oral),+diffuse
-compact,+grave (vs. acute),+nasal (vs. oral)
+nasal,olingual (C)
+nasal,olingual (any)
xlabial (C),+nasal
xlabial (C),+sonorant
xlabial (any),+nasal
+labial (C),+nasal
+labial (C),+sonorant
+labial (any),+nasal
+nasal,-lingual (C)
+nasal,-lingual (any)
+nasal,-lingual (any)
+labial (C),+nasal
+labial (C),+sonorant
+labial (any),+nasal
+nasal,-lingual (C)
+distributed,+sonorant
+distributed,-tense
+distributed,+nasal
+distributed,-tense
+distributed,+nasal
+distributed,+sonorant
+sonorant,olingual (C)
Changes
olingual (any)
-lingual (any)
-lingual (any)
xlabial (C)
olingual (C)
+labial (any)
+labial (C)
-lingual (C)
+labial
+labial (any)
+labial (C)
-lingual (C)
xlabial (any)
+bilabial
Environment
0
n,ɲ,ŋ
1
b
olingual (any)
ocoronal (any)
-lingual (any)
-coronal (any)
-lingual (any)
-coronal (any)
-anterior (any)
-anterior (C)
nlateral
-coronal
-alveolar
nlateral
-coronal
0distributed (any)
nlingual (V)
ndorsal (V)
nanterior (V)
ndistributed (V)
0anterior (any)
-coronal (V)
-front
-distributed (any)
-lingual (V)
-V-place
-distributed (V)
ndistributed (any)
nanterior (V)
+grave (vs. acute)
ndistributed (V)
nanterior (any)
nlabial (V)
ncoronal (V)
npharyngeal (V)
-nonlow_front_V
+stop
-sonorant
-sonorant
-sonorant
-sonorant
-sonorant
+obs_stop
nanterior (C)
ndistributed (C)
xlabial (C)
olingual (C)
-coronal (C)
+labial (any)
+labial (C)
+distributed
-lingual (C)
-coronal (C)
+labial
+labial (any)
+distributed
nanterior (C)
ndistributed (C)
+labial (C)
-lingual (C)
ocoronal (C)
xlabial (any)
+bilabial
-heightened_subglottal_pressure
-continuant
-trill
-continuant
-tense_V
-ATR
-voiceless_stop
+voiced_C
-unrounded
+voice
+voice
+voice
-voiceless
+voiced (vs. unvoiced)
+voiced
+voice
+voice
-pharyngeal (C)
-uvular
-pharyngeal (any)
-pharyngeal (C)
opharyngeal (any)
-strident (vs. mellow)
opharyngeal (C)
-pharyngeal (any)
.tense
.tense
.tense (vs. lax)
+voiced_obs
-higher-mid
-nonhigh_tense_V
-nonhigh_V
+diffuse
ovocalic
-low
-compact
+consonantal
+anterior
+anterior
oV-place
-low
+consonantal
-dorsal (C)
ovocalic
+consonantal (vs. non-consonantal)
odorsal (any)
-dorsal (any)
-dorsal (V)
-dorsal (any)
-ATR_high_V
-high
-high
-high
-high_V
-LONG
-LONG
-LONG
-LONG
-LONG
-LONG
-lax_V
-back_V
-central
-back
-back
-low
-long
-k
nATR
nV-place
odorsal (C)
-vocoid
.open6
-approximant
.open5
.open4
.open1
.open3
.open2
-vocalic
-vocoid
.open6
-approximant
.open5
.open4
.open1
.open3
.open2
opharyngeal (V)
nATR
olingual (V)
-vocoid
.open6
-approximant
.open5
.open4
.open1
.open3
.open2
-nasal_stop
-nasal
-nasal
-nasal
-nasal
-nasal
-nasal
-nasal (vs. oral)
-labiovelar
-labial (V)
-velar
-dorsal (C)
-continuant
-fricative
-continuant
-delayed_primary_release
-continuant
+interrupted (vs. continuant)
-rounded
-round_V
-back
-round
-round
-flat (vs. plain)
-short_V
-labiodental
-strident
-strident
-strident
-strident
-strident
-lower-mid
-liquid
-vocalic
-vocalic
-vocalic (vs. non-vocalic)
-V
-approximant
olabial (V)
ocoronal (V)
odorsal (V)
-vocalic_glide
+consonant
-vowel
ncovered
-syllabic
nATR
-syllabic
-SYLLABIC
-SYLLABIC
-SYLLABIC
-distributed (C)
-lateral
-lateral
-lateral
-lateral-approximant
-lateral
-palatal
-mid
-nasal,olingual (C),+voice
xlabial (C),-nasal,+voice
+labial (C),-nasal,+voice
+labial (C),-nasal,+voice
xlabial (C),-sonorant,+voice
xlabial (any),-sonorant,+voice
+labial (C),-sonorant,+voice
+labial (any),-sonorant,+voice
+labial (C),-sonorant,+voice
+labial (any),-sonorant,+voice
+stop,+bilabial,+voiced
-voiceless,+stop,+bilabial
+bilabial,+voiced,-nasal
-voiceless,+bilabial,-nasal
+labial,-sonorant,+voice
-sonorant,olingual (C),+voice
-sonorant,olingual (any),+voice
-sonorant,-lingual (C),+voice
-sonorant,-lingual (any),+voice
-sonorant,-lingual (any),+voice
-sonorant,-lingual (C),+voice
+distributed,-nasal,+voice
+distributed,-sonorant,+voice
+distributed,.tense,+voice
+distributed,-nasal,+voice
+distributed,-sonorant,+voice
+distributed,.tense,+voice
Input - Output
m,ɲ,ŋ
-anterior (any)
-anterior (C)
nlateral
-coronal
-alveolar
nlateral
-coronal
nlingual (V)
ndorsal (V)
nanterior (V)
ndistributed (V)
-coronal (V)
-front
-lingual (V)
-V-place
-distributed (V)
nanterior (V)
ndistributed (V)
nlabial (V)
ncoronal (V)
npharyngeal (V)
-nonlow_front_V
+nasal
+nasal
+nasal
+nasal (vs. oral)
+nasal
+nasal
-heightened_subglottal_pressure
-continuant
-trill
-continuant
-tense_V
-ATR
-tense
-tense
-stop
-voiceless_stop
-obs_stop
+nasal
+nasal_stop
+voiced_C
-unrounded
+voice
+voice
+voice
-voiceless
+voiced (vs. unvoiced)
+voiced
+voice
+voice
-pharyngeal (C)
-uvular
-pharyngeal (any)
-pharyngeal (C)
opharyngeal (any)
-strident (vs. mellow)
opharyngeal (C)
-pharyngeal (any)
-voiced_obs
.tense (vs. lax)
-higher-mid
-nonhigh_tense_V
-nonhigh_V
ovocalic
-low
+consonantal
oV-place
-low
+consonantal
ovocalic
+consonantal (vs. non-consonantal)
+sonorant
+sonorant
+sonorant
+sonorant
+sonorant
-dorsal (V)
-ATR_high_V
-high
-high_V
-LONG
-LONG
-LONG
-LONG
-LONG
-LONG
-lax_V
-back_V
-central
-low
-long
-k
nATR
nV-place
-vocoid
.open6
-approximant
.open5
.open4
.open1
.open3
.open2
-vocalic
-vocoid
.open6
-approximant
.open5
.open4
.open1
.open3
.open2
opharyngeal (V)
nATR
olingual (V)
-vocoid
.open6
-approximant
.open5
.open4
.open1
.open3
.open2
-labiovelar
-labial (V)
-continuant
-fricative
-continuant
-delayed_primary_release
-continuant
+interrupted (vs. continuant)
-rounded
-round_V
-back
-round
-round
-flat (vs. plain)
-short_V
-labiodental
-strident
-strident
-strident
-strident
-strident
-lower-mid
-liquid
-vocalic
-vocalic
-vocalic (vs. non-vocalic)
-V
-approximant
olabial (V)
ocoronal (V)
odorsal (V)
-vocalic_glide
+consonant
-vowel
ncovered
-syllabic
nATR
-syllabic
-SYLLABIC
-SYLLABIC
-SYLLABIC
-lateral
-lateral
-lateral
-lateral-approximant
-lateral
-mid
-alveolar,+nasal
+nasal,-coronal
nlateral,+nasal
+nasal,-coronal
nlateral,+nasal
-anterior (C),+nasal
+nasal,-anterior (any)
n
nlingual (V)
ndorsal (V)
nanterior (V)
ndistributed (V)
-coronal (V)
-front
-distributed (any)
-lingual (V)
-V-place
-distributed (V)
nanterior (V)
ndistributed (V)
nlabial (V)
ncoronal (V)
npharyngeal (V)
-nonlow_front_V
+nasal
+nasal
+nasal
+nasal (vs. oral)
+nasal
+nasal
-heightened_subglottal_pressure
-continuant
-trill
-continuant
-tense_V
-ATR
-tense
-tense
-stop
-voiceless_stop
-distributed (any)
+anterior (C)
+anterior (C)
-obs_stop
-distributed (C)
olabial (C)
xlingual (C)
xlingual (any)
+anterior (any)
xcoronal (any)
+coronal (C)
-labial (any)
+anterior (any)
-labial (C)
-lateral
-distributed
+lingual (C)
+coronal (C)
+lingual (any)
+coronal
+coronal (any)
+alveolar
-labial
-labial (any)
-lateral
-distributed
-distributed (any)
+anterior (C)
+coronal
-distributed (C)
-labial (C)
-grave (vs. acute)
+lingual (C)
+lingual (any)
+anterior (any)
+coronal (any)
xcoronal (C)
olabial (any)
-bilabial
+nasal
+nasal_stop
+voiced_C
-unrounded
+voice
+voice
+voice
-voiceless
+voiced (vs. unvoiced)
+voiced
+voice
+voice
-pharyngeal (C)
-uvular
-pharyngeal (any)
-pharyngeal (C)
opharyngeal (any)
-strident (vs. mellow)
opharyngeal (C)
-pharyngeal (any)
-voiced_obs
.tense (vs. lax)
-higher-mid
-nonhigh_tense_V
-nonhigh_V
+diffuse
ovocalic
-low
-compact
+consonantal
+anterior
+anterior
oV-place
-low
+consonantal
-dorsal (C)
ovocalic
+consonantal (vs. non-consonantal)
+sonorant
+sonorant
+sonorant
+sonorant
+sonorant
odorsal (any)
-dorsal (any)
-dorsal (V)
-dorsal (any)
-ATR_high_V
-high
-high
-high
-high_V
-LONG
-LONG
-LONG
-LONG
-LONG
-LONG
-lax_V
-back_V
-central
-back
-back
-low
-long
-k
nATR
nV-place
odorsal (C)
-vocoid
.open6
-approximant
.open5
.open4
.open1
.open3
.open2
-vocalic
-vocoid
.open6
-approximant
.open5
.open4
.open1
.open3
.open2
opharyngeal (V)
nATR
olingual (V)
-vocoid
.open6
-approximant
.open5
.open4
.open1
.open3
.open2
-labiovelar
-labial (V)
-velar
-dorsal (C)
-continuant
-fricative
-continuant
-delayed_primary_release
-continuant
+interrupted (vs. continuant)
-rounded
-round_V
-back
-round
-round
-flat (vs. plain)
-short_V
-labiodental
-strident
-strident
-strident
-strident
-strident
-lower-mid
-liquid
-vocalic
-vocalic
-vocalic (vs. non-vocalic)
-V
-approximant
olabial (V)
ocoronal (V)
odorsal (V)
-vocalic_glide
+consonant
-vowel
ncovered
-syllabic
nATR
-syllabic
-SYLLABIC
-SYLLABIC
-SYLLABIC
-distributed (C)
-lateral
-lateral
-lateral
-lateral-approximant
-lateral
-palatal
-mid
-lateral,+nasal
-lateral,-tense
+nasal,+coronal
+coronal,-tense
+coronal,-tense
-lateral,-tense
+nasal,+coronal
-lateral,+nasal
-grave (vs. acute),+nasal (vs. oral),+diffuse
-compact,-grave (vs. acute),+nasal (vs. oral)
+anterior (C),+nasal
+nasal,+anterior (any)
+anterior (C),+nasal
+nasal,+anterior (any)
+anterior (C),+nasal
+nasal,+anterior (any)
+alveolar,+nasal
-distributed,-tense
-distributed,+nasal
-distributed,-tense
-distributed,+nasal
-distributed (any),+nasal
-distributed (C),+nasal
-distributed (C),+nasal
-distributed (any),+nasal
Changes
+anterior (C)
+anterior (any)
-lateral
+coronal
+alveolar
-lateral
+coronal
Environment
0
m,ɲ,ŋ
1
d
nlingual (V)
ndorsal (V)
nanterior (V)
ndistributed (V)
-coronal (V)
-front
-distributed (any)
-lingual (V)
-V-place
-distributed (V)
nanterior (V)
ndistributed (V)
nlabial (V)
ncoronal (V)
npharyngeal (V)
-nonlow_front_V
+stop
-sonorant
-sonorant
-sonorant
-sonorant
-sonorant
+obs_stop
-heightened_subglottal_pressure
-continuant
-trill
-continuant
-tense_V
-ATR
-voiceless_stop
-distributed (any)
+anterior (C)
+anterior (C)
-distributed (C)
olabial (C)
xlingual (C)
xlingual (any)
+anterior (any)
xcoronal (any)
+coronal (C)
-labial (any)
+anterior (any)
-labial (C)
-lateral
-distributed
+lingual (C)
+coronal (C)
+lingual (any)
+coronal
+coronal (any)
+alveolar
-labial
-labial (any)
-lateral
-distributed
-distributed (any)
+anterior (C)
+coronal
-distributed (C)
-labial (C)
-grave (vs. acute)
+lingual (C)
+lingual (any)
+anterior (any)
+coronal (any)
xcoronal (C)
olabial (any)
-bilabial
+voiced_C
-unrounded
+voice
+voice
+voice
-voiceless
+voiced (vs. unvoiced)
+voiced
+voice
+voice
-pharyngeal (C)
-uvular
-pharyngeal (any)
-pharyngeal (C)
opharyngeal (any)
-strident (vs. mellow)
opharyngeal (C)
-pharyngeal (any)
.tense
.tense
.tense (vs. lax)
+voiced_obs
-higher-mid
-nonhigh_tense_V
-nonhigh_V
+diffuse
ovocalic
-low
-compact
+consonantal
+anterior
+anterior
oV-place
-low
+consonantal
-dorsal (C)
ovocalic
+consonantal (vs. non-consonantal)
odorsal (any)
-dorsal (any)
-dorsal (V)
-dorsal (any)
-ATR_high_V
-high
-high
-high
-high_V
-LONG
-LONG
-LONG
-LONG
-LONG
-LONG
-lax_V
-back_V
-central
-back
-back
-low
-long
-k
nATR
nV-place
odorsal (C)
-vocoid
.open6
-approximant
.open5
.open4
.open1
.open3
.open2
-vocalic
-vocoid
.open6
-approximant
.open5
.open4
.open1
.open3
.open2
opharyngeal (V)
nATR
olingual (V)
-vocoid
.open6
-approximant
.open5
.open4
.open1
.open3
.open2
-nasal_stop
-nasal
-nasal
-nasal
-nasal
-nasal
-nasal
-nasal (vs. oral)
-labiovelar
-labial (V)
-velar
-dorsal (C)
-continuant
-fricative
-continuant
-delayed_primary_release
-continuant
+interrupted (vs. continuant)
-rounded
-round_V
-back
-round
-round
-flat (vs. plain)
-short_V
-labiodental
-strident
-strident
-strident
-strident
-strident
-lower-mid
-liquid
-vocalic
-vocalic
-vocalic (vs. non-vocalic)
-V
-approximant
olabial (V)
ocoronal (V)
odorsal (V)
-vocalic_glide
+consonant
-vowel
ncovered
-syllabic
nATR
-syllabic
-SYLLABIC
-SYLLABIC
-SYLLABIC
-distributed (C)
-lateral
-lateral
-lateral
-lateral-approximant
-lateral
-palatal
-mid
+stop,+alveolar,+voiced
-voiceless,+stop,+alveolar
+anterior (C),-sonorant,+voice
-sonorant,+anterior (any),+voice
+anterior (C),-sonorant,+voice
-sonorant,+anterior (any),+voice
+anterior (C),-sonorant,+voice
-sonorant,+anterior (any),+voice
-distributed,-sonorant,+voice
-distributed,-sonorant,+voice
-distributed (any),-sonorant,+voice
-distributed (C),-sonorant,+voice
-distributed (C),-sonorant,+voice
-distributed (any),-sonorant,+voice
-lateral,-sonorant,+voice
-sonorant,+coronal,+voice
-lateral,-sonorant,+voice
-sonorant,+coronal,+voice
Input - Output
m,n,ŋ
nlingual (V)
ndorsal (V)
nanterior (V)
ndistributed (V)
-coronal (V)
-front
-distributed (any)
-lingual (V)
-V-place
-distributed (V)
nanterior (V)
ndistributed (V)
nlabial (V)
ncoronal (V)
npharyngeal (V)
-nonlow_front_V
+nasal
+nasal
+nasal
+nasal (vs. oral)
+nasal
+nasal
-heightened_subglottal_pressure
-continuant
-trill
-continuant
-tense_V
-ATR
-tense
-tense
-stop
-voiceless_stop
-obs_stop
+nasal
+nasal_stop
+voiced_C
-unrounded
+voice
+voice
+voice
-voiceless
+voiced (vs. unvoiced)
+voiced
+voice
+voice
-pharyngeal (C)
-uvular
-pharyngeal (any)
-pharyngeal (C)
opharyngeal (any)
-strident (vs. mellow)
opharyngeal (C)
-pharyngeal (any)
-voiced_obs
.tense (vs. lax)
-higher-mid
-nonhigh_tense_V
-nonhigh_V
ovocalic
-low
+consonantal
oV-place
-low
+consonantal
ovocalic
+consonantal (vs. non-consonantal)
+sonorant
+sonorant
+sonorant
+sonorant
+sonorant
-dorsal (V)
-ATR_high_V
-high
-high_V
-LONG
-LONG
-LONG
-LONG
-LONG
-LONG
-lax_V
-back_V
-central
-low
-long
-k
nATR
nV-place
-vocoid
.open6
-approximant
.open5
.open4
.open1
.open3
.open2
-vocalic
-vocoid
.open6
-approximant
.open5
.open4
.open1
.open3
.open2
opharyngeal (V)
nATR
olingual (V)
-vocoid
.open6
-approximant
.open5
.open4
.open1
.open3
.open2
-labiovelar
-labial (V)
-continuant
-fricative
-continuant
-delayed_primary_release
-continuant
+interrupted (vs. continuant)
-rounded
-round_V
-back
-round
-round
-flat (vs. plain)
-short_V
-labiodental
-strident
-strident
-strident
-strident
-strident
-lower-mid
-liquid
-vocalic
-vocalic
-vocalic (vs. non-vocalic)
-V
-approximant
olabial (V)
ocoronal (V)
odorsal (V)
-vocalic_glide
+consonant
-vowel
ncovered
-syllabic
nATR
-syllabic
-SYLLABIC
-SYLLABIC
-SYLLABIC
-distributed (C)
-lateral
-lateral
-lateral
-lateral-approximant
-lateral
-palatal
-mid
-distributed (any),+nasal
-distributed (C),+nasal
+nasal,-palatal
ɲ
+distributed (any)
-anterior (C)
+distributed (C)
-anterior (any)
-anterior (any)
+distributed (any)
-anterior (C)
+palatal
+distributed (C)
-anterior
+high
nlateral
.distributed
-coronal
-alveolar
-anterior
+high
nlateral
.distributed
+distributed (any)
-anterior (C)
-coronal
+distributed (C)
+compact
-anterior (any)
-diffuse
nlingual (V)
ndorsal (V)
nanterior (V)
ndistributed (V)
-coronal (V)
-front
-lingual (V)
-V-place
-distributed (V)
nanterior (V)
ndistributed (V)
nlabial (V)
ncoronal (V)
npharyngeal (V)
-nonlow_front_V
+nasal
+nasal
+nasal
+nasal (vs. oral)
+nasal
+nasal
-heightened_subglottal_pressure
-continuant
-trill
-continuant
-tense_V
-ATR
-tense
-tense
-stop
-voiceless_stop
-obs_stop
olabial (C)
xlingual (C)
xlingual (any)
xcoronal (any)
+coronal (C)
-labial (any)
-labial (C)
+lingual (C)
+coronal (C)
+lingual (any)
+coronal (any)
-labial
-labial (any)
-labial (C)
-grave (vs. acute)
+lingual (C)
+lingual (any)
+coronal (any)
xcoronal (C)
olabial (any)
-bilabial
+nasal
+nasal_stop
+voiced_C
-unrounded
+voice
+voice
+voice
-voiceless
+voiced (vs. unvoiced)
+voiced
+voice
+voice
-pharyngeal (C)
-uvular
-pharyngeal (any)
-pharyngeal (C)
opharyngeal (any)
-strident (vs. mellow)
opharyngeal (C)
-pharyngeal (any)
-voiced_obs
.tense (vs. lax)
-higher-mid
-nonhigh_tense_V
-nonhigh_V
ovocalic
-low
+consonantal
oV-place
-low
+consonantal
-dorsal (C)
ovocalic
+consonantal (vs. non-consonantal)
+sonorant
+sonorant
+sonorant
+sonorant
+sonorant
odorsal (any)
-dorsal (any)
-dorsal (V)
-dorsal (any)
-ATR_high_V
-high
-high_V
-LONG
-LONG
-LONG
-LONG
-LONG
-LONG
-lax_V
-back_V
-central
-back
-back
-low
-long
-k
nATR
nV-place
odorsal (C)
-vocoid
.open6
-approximant
.open5
.open4
.open1
.open3
.open2
-vocalic
-vocoid
.open6
-approximant
.open5
.open4
.open1
.open3
.open2
opharyngeal (V)
nATR
olingual (V)
-vocoid
.open6
-approximant
.open5
.open4
.open1
.open3
.open2
-labiovelar
-labial (V)
-velar
-dorsal (C)
-continuant
-fricative
-continuant
-delayed_primary_release
-continuant
+interrupted (vs. continuant)
-rounded
-round_V
-back
-round
-round
-flat (vs. plain)
-short_V
-labiodental
-strident
-strident
-strident
-strident
-strident
-lower-mid
-liquid
-vocalic
-vocalic
-vocalic (vs. non-vocalic)
-V
-approximant
olabial (V)
ocoronal (V)
odorsal (V)
-vocalic_glide
+consonant
-vowel
ncovered
-syllabic
nATR
-syllabic
-SYLLABIC
-SYLLABIC
-SYLLABIC
-lateral
-lateral
-lateral
-lateral-approximant
-lateral
-mid
+nasal,+palatal
-anterior,-back,+nasal
-back,+high,+nasal
-back,.distributed,+nasal
-back,.distributed,-tense
-back,.distributed,-tense
-back,.distributed,+nasal
-back,+high,+nasal
-anterior,-back,+nasal
-grave (vs. acute),+nasal (vs. oral),-diffuse
+compact,-grave (vs. acute),+nasal (vs. oral)
-anterior (C),+nasal
-anterior (C),+sonorant
+nasal,-anterior (any)
-anterior (C),+nasal
-anterior (C),+sonorant
+nasal,-anterior (any)
+distributed (any),+nasal
+distributed (C),+nasal
+distributed (any),+nasal
+distributed (C),+nasal
+distributed (C),+nasal
+distributed (any),+nasal
-back,+high,-tense
-back,+high,-tense
+distributed (C),+sonorant
+distributed (C),+sonorant
+distributed (C),+sonorant
Changes
+distributed (any)
+palatal
+distributed (C)
Environment
0
m,n,ŋ
1
ɟ
+distributed (any)
-anterior (C)
+distributed (C)
-anterior (any)
-anterior (any)
+distributed (any)
-anterior (C)
+palatal
+distributed (C)
-anterior
+high
nlateral
.distributed
-coronal
-alveolar
-anterior
+high
nlateral
.distributed
+distributed (any)
-anterior (C)
-coronal
+distributed (C)
+compact
-anterior (any)
-diffuse
nlingual (V)
ndorsal (V)
nanterior (V)
ndistributed (V)
-coronal (V)
-front
-lingual (V)
-V-place
-distributed (V)
nanterior (V)
ndistributed (V)
nlabial (V)
ncoronal (V)
npharyngeal (V)
-nonlow_front_V
+stop
-sonorant
-sonorant
-sonorant
-sonorant
-sonorant
+obs_stop
-heightened_subglottal_pressure
-continuant
-trill
-continuant
-tense_V
-ATR
-voiceless_stop
olabial (C)
xlingual (C)
xlingual (any)
xcoronal (any)
+coronal (C)
-labial (any)
-labial (C)
+lingual (C)
+coronal (C)
+lingual (any)
+coronal (any)
-labial
-labial (any)
-labial (C)
-grave (vs. acute)
+lingual (C)
+lingual (any)
+coronal (any)
xcoronal (C)
olabial (any)
-bilabial
+voiced_C
-unrounded
+voice
+voice
+voice
-voiceless
+voiced (vs. unvoiced)
+voiced
+voice
+voice
-pharyngeal (C)
-uvular
-pharyngeal (any)
-pharyngeal (C)
opharyngeal (any)
-strident (vs. mellow)
opharyngeal (C)
-pharyngeal (any)
.tense
.tense
.tense (vs. lax)
+voiced_obs
-higher-mid
-nonhigh_tense_V
-nonhigh_V
ovocalic
-low
+consonantal
oV-place
-low
+consonantal
-dorsal (C)
ovocalic
+consonantal (vs. non-consonantal)
odorsal (any)
-dorsal (any)
-dorsal (V)
-dorsal (any)
-ATR_high_V
-high
-high_V
-LONG
-LONG
-LONG
-LONG
-LONG
-LONG
-lax_V
-back_V
-central
-back
-back
-low
-long
-k
nATR
nV-place
odorsal (C)
-vocoid
.open6
-approximant
.open5
.open4
.open1
.open3
.open2
-vocalic
-vocoid
.open6
-approximant
.open5
.open4
.open1
.open3
.open2
opharyngeal (V)
nATR
olingual (V)
-vocoid
.open6
-approximant
.open5
.open4
.open1
.open3
.open2
-nasal_stop
-nasal
-nasal
-nasal
-nasal
-nasal
-nasal
-nasal (vs. oral)
-labiovelar
-labial (V)
-velar
-dorsal (C)
-continuant
-fricative
-continuant
-delayed_primary_release
-continuant
+interrupted (vs. continuant)
-rounded
-round_V
-back
-round
-round
-flat (vs. plain)
-short_V
-labiodental
-strident
-strident
-strident
-strident
-strident
-lower-mid
-liquid
-vocalic
-vocalic
-vocalic (vs. non-vocalic)
-V
-approximant
olabial (V)
ocoronal (V)
odorsal (V)
-vocalic_glide
+consonant
-vowel
ncovered
-syllabic
nATR
-syllabic
-SYLLABIC
-SYLLABIC
-SYLLABIC
-lateral
-lateral
-lateral
-lateral-approximant
-lateral
-mid
-anterior,-back,-sonorant,+voice
-back,+high,-sonorant,+voice
-anterior,-back,-sonorant,+voice
-back,+high,-sonorant,+voice
-sonorant,-anterior (any),+voice
-sonorant,-anterior (any),+voice
-anterior (C),-sonorant,+voice
-anterior (C),-nasal,+voice
-anterior (C),-sonorant,+voice
-anterior (C),-nasal,+voice
+distributed (any),-sonorant,+voice
+distributed (C),-sonorant,+voice
+distributed (any),-sonorant,+voice
+distributed (C),-sonorant,+voice
+distributed (C),-sonorant,+voice
+distributed (any),-sonorant,+voice
+stop,+voiced,+palatal
-voiceless,+stop,+palatal
-back,.distributed,-sonorant,+voice
-back,.distributed,-sonorant,+voice
+distributed (C),-nasal,+voice
+distributed (C),-nasal,+voice
+distributed (C),-nasal,+voice
Input - Output
m,n,ɲ
nlingual (V)
ndorsal (V)
nanterior (V)
ndistributed (V)
-coronal (V)
-front
-lingual (V)
-V-place
-distributed (V)
nanterior (V)
ndistributed (V)
nlabial (V)
ncoronal (V)
npharyngeal (V)
-nonlow_front_V
+nasal
+nasal
+nasal
+nasal (vs. oral)
+nasal
+nasal
-heightened_subglottal_pressure
-continuant
-trill
-continuant
-tense_V
-ATR
-tense
-tense
-stop
-voiceless_stop
-obs_stop
+nasal
+nasal_stop
+voiced_C
-unrounded
+voice
+voice
+voice
-voiceless
+voiced (vs. unvoiced)
+voiced
+voice
+voice
-pharyngeal (C)
-uvular
-pharyngeal (any)
-pharyngeal (C)
opharyngeal (any)
-strident (vs. mellow)
opharyngeal (C)
-pharyngeal (any)
-voiced_obs
.tense (vs. lax)
-higher-mid
-nonhigh_tense_V
-nonhigh_V
ovocalic
-low
+consonantal
oV-place
-low
+consonantal
-dorsal (C)
ovocalic
+consonantal (vs. non-consonantal)
+sonorant
+sonorant
+sonorant
+sonorant
+sonorant
odorsal (any)
-dorsal (any)
-dorsal (V)
-dorsal (any)
-ATR_high_V
-high
-high_V
-LONG
-LONG
-LONG
-LONG
-LONG
-LONG
-lax_V
-back_V
-central
-back
-back
-low
-long
-k
nATR
nV-place
odorsal (C)
-vocoid
.open6
-approximant
.open5
.open4
.open1
.open3
.open2
-vocalic
-vocoid
.open6
-approximant
.open5
.open4
.open1
.open3
.open2
opharyngeal (V)
nATR
olingual (V)
-vocoid
.open6
-approximant
.open5
.open4
.open1
.open3
.open2
-labiovelar
-labial (V)
-velar
-dorsal (C)
-continuant
-fricative
-continuant
-delayed_primary_release
-continuant
+interrupted (vs. continuant)
-rounded
-round_V
-back
-round
-round
-flat (vs. plain)
-short_V
-labiodental
-strident
-strident
-strident
-strident
-strident
-lower-mid
-liquid
-vocalic
-vocalic
-vocalic (vs. non-vocalic)
-V
-approximant
olabial (V)
ocoronal (V)
odorsal (V)
-vocalic_glide
+consonant
-vowel
ncovered
-syllabic
nATR
-syllabic
-SYLLABIC
-SYLLABIC
-SYLLABIC
-lateral
-lateral
-lateral
-lateral-approximant
-lateral
-mid
odorsal (C),+nasal
-velar,+nasal
-back,+nasal
-back,+nasal
odorsal (any),+nasal
-dorsal (C),+nasal
-dorsal (any),+nasal
-dorsal (C),+nasal
-dorsal (any),+nasal
ŋ
ocoronal (any)
-coronal (any)
-coronal (any)
-anterior (any)
-anterior (C)
-anterior
+high
nlateral
.distributed
-coronal
-alveolar
-anterior
+high
nlateral
.distributed
-coronal
+compact
-diffuse
0distributed (any)
nlingual (V)
ndorsal (V)
nanterior (V)
ndistributed (V)
0anterior (any)
-coronal (V)
-front
-distributed (any)
-lingual (V)
-V-place
+back
-distributed (V)
+back
ndistributed (any)
nanterior (V)
+grave (vs. acute)
ndistributed (V)
nanterior (any)
nlabial (V)
ncoronal (V)
npharyngeal (V)
-nonlow_front_V
nanterior (C)
ndistributed (C)
-coronal (C)
-coronal (C)
nanterior (C)
ndistributed (C)
ocoronal (C)
xdorsal (any)
xdorsal (C)
+dorsal (any)
+velar
+dorsal (any)
+dorsal (C)
+dorsal (C)
+nasal
+nasal
+nasal
+nasal (vs. oral)
+nasal
+nasal
-heightened_subglottal_pressure
-continuant
-trill
-continuant
-tense_V
-ATR
-tense
-tense
-stop
-voiceless_stop
-obs_stop
olabial (C)
xlingual (C)
xlingual (any)
-labial (any)
-labial (C)
+lingual (C)
+lingual (any)
-labial
-labial (any)
-labial (C)
+lingual (C)
+lingual (any)
olabial (any)
-bilabial
+nasal
+nasal_stop
+voiced_C
-unrounded
+voice
+voice
+voice
-voiceless
+voiced (vs. unvoiced)
+voiced
+voice
+voice
-pharyngeal (C)
-uvular
-pharyngeal (any)
-pharyngeal (C)
opharyngeal (any)
-strident (vs. mellow)
opharyngeal (C)
-pharyngeal (any)
-voiced_obs
.tense (vs. lax)
-higher-mid
-nonhigh_tense_V
-nonhigh_V
ovocalic
-low
+consonantal
oV-place
-low
+consonantal
ovocalic
+consonantal (vs. non-consonantal)
+sonorant
+sonorant
+sonorant
+sonorant
+sonorant
-dorsal (V)
-ATR_high_V
-high
-high_V
-LONG
-LONG
-LONG
-LONG
-LONG
-LONG
-lax_V
-back_V
-central
-low
-long
-k
nATR
nV-place
-vocoid
.open6
-approximant
.open5
.open4
.open1
.open3
.open2
-vocalic
-vocoid
.open6
-approximant
.open5
.open4
.open1
.open3
.open2
opharyngeal (V)
nATR
olingual (V)
-vocoid
.open6
-approximant
.open5
.open4
.open1
.open3
.open2
-labiovelar
-labial (V)
-continuant
-fricative
-continuant
-delayed_primary_release
-continuant
+interrupted (vs. continuant)
-rounded
-round_V
-back
-round
-round
-flat (vs. plain)
-short_V
-labiodental
-strident
-strident
-strident
-strident
-strident
-lower-mid
-liquid
-vocalic
-vocalic
-vocalic (vs. non-vocalic)
-V
-approximant
olabial (V)
ocoronal (V)
odorsal (V)
-vocalic_glide
+consonant
-vowel
ncovered
-syllabic
nATR
-syllabic
-SYLLABIC
-SYLLABIC
-SYLLABIC
-distributed (C)
-lateral
-lateral
-lateral
-lateral-approximant
-lateral
-palatal
-mid
+velar,+nasal
+back,+nasal
+back,+nasal
+grave (vs. acute),+nasal (vs. oral),-diffuse
+compact,+grave (vs. acute),+nasal (vs. oral)
xdorsal (C),+nasal
xdorsal (C),+sonorant
xdorsal (any),+nasal
+dorsal (C),+nasal
+dorsal (C),+sonorant
+dorsal (any),+nasal
+dorsal (C),+nasal
+dorsal (C),+sonorant
+dorsal (any),+nasal
Changes
+back
+back
xdorsal (any)
xdorsal (C)
+dorsal (any)
+velar
+dorsal (any)
+dorsal (C)
+dorsal (C)
Environment
0
m,n,ɲ
1
ɡ
ocoronal (any)
-coronal (any)
-coronal (any)
-anterior (any)
-anterior (C)
-anterior
+high
nlateral
.distributed
-coronal
-alveolar
-anterior
+high
nlateral
.distributed
-coronal
+compact
-diffuse
0distributed (any)
nlingual (V)
ndorsal (V)
nanterior (V)
ndistributed (V)
0anterior (any)
-coronal (V)
-front
-distributed (any)
-lingual (V)
-V-place
+back
-distributed (V)
+back
ndistributed (any)
nanterior (V)
+grave (vs. acute)
ndistributed (V)
nanterior (any)
nlabial (V)
ncoronal (V)
npharyngeal (V)
-nonlow_front_V
+stop
-sonorant
-sonorant
-sonorant
-sonorant
-sonorant
+obs_stop
nanterior (C)
ndistributed (C)
-coronal (C)
-coronal (C)
nanterior (C)
ndistributed (C)
ocoronal (C)
xdorsal (any)
xdorsal (C)
+dorsal (any)
+velar
+dorsal (any)
+dorsal (C)
+dorsal (C)
-heightened_subglottal_pressure
-continuant
-trill
-continuant
-tense_V
-ATR
-voiceless_stop
olabial (C)
xlingual (C)
xlingual (any)
-labial (any)
-labial (C)
+lingual (C)
+lingual (any)
-labial
-labial (any)
-labial (C)
+lingual (C)
+lingual (any)
olabial (any)
-bilabial
+voiced_C
-unrounded
+voice
+voice
+voice
-voiceless
+voiced (vs. unvoiced)
+voiced
+voice
+voice
-pharyngeal (C)
-uvular
-pharyngeal (any)
-pharyngeal (C)
opharyngeal (any)
-strident (vs. mellow)
opharyngeal (C)
-pharyngeal (any)
.tense
.tense
.tense (vs. lax)
+voiced_obs
-higher-mid
-nonhigh_tense_V
-nonhigh_V
ovocalic
-low
+consonantal
oV-place
-low
+consonantal
ovocalic
+consonantal (vs. non-consonantal)
-dorsal (V)
-ATR_high_V
-high
-high_V
-LONG
-LONG
-LONG
-LONG
-LONG
-LONG
-lax_V
-back_V
-central
-low
-long
-k
nATR
nV-place
-vocoid
.open6
-approximant
.open5
.open4
.open1
.open3
.open2
-vocalic
-vocoid
.open6
-approximant
.open5
.open4
.open1
.open3
.open2
opharyngeal (V)
nATR
olingual (V)
-vocoid
.open6
-approximant
.open5
.open4
.open1
.open3
.open2
-nasal_stop
-nasal
-nasal
-nasal
-nasal
-nasal
-nasal
-nasal (vs. oral)
-labiovelar
-labial (V)
-continuant
-fricative
-continuant
-delayed_primary_release
-continuant
+interrupted (vs. continuant)
-rounded
-round_V
-back
-round
-round
-flat (vs. plain)
-short_V
-labiodental
-strident
-strident
-strident
-strident
-strident
-lower-mid
-liquid
-vocalic
-vocalic
-vocalic (vs. non-vocalic)
-V
-approximant
olabial (V)
ocoronal (V)
odorsal (V)
-vocalic_glide
+consonant
-vowel
ncovered
-syllabic
nATR
-syllabic
-SYLLABIC
-SYLLABIC
-SYLLABIC
-distributed (C)
-lateral
-lateral
-lateral
-lateral-approximant
-lateral
-palatal
-mid
xdorsal (C),-nasal,+voice
+dorsal (C),-nasal,+voice
+dorsal (C),-nasal,+voice
+stop,+velar,+voiced
-voiceless,+stop,+velar
+stop,+velar,-k
+velar,+voiced,-nasal
-voiceless,+velar,-nasal
+back,-sonorant,+voice
+back,-sonorant,+voice
xdorsal (C),-sonorant,+voice
xdorsal (any),-sonorant,+voice
+dorsal (C),-sonorant,+voice
+dorsal (any),-sonorant,+voice
+dorsal (C),-sonorant,+voice
+dorsal (any),-sonorant,+voice
Reference
Ka, Omar (1994) Wolof phonology and morphology. Lanham, Md: University Press of America.
Feature System